Atmospheric pressure ion source performance enhancement

ABSTRACT

Electrospray ionization sources interfaced to mass spectrometers have become widely used tools in analytical applications. Processes occurring in Electrospray (ES) ionization generally include the addition or removal of a charged species such as H+ or other cation to effect ionization of a sample species. Electrospray includes ionization processes that occur in the liquid and gas phase and in both phases ionization processes require a source or sink for such charged species. Electrolyte species, that aid in oxidation or reduction reactions occurring in Electrospray ionization, are added to sample solutions in many analytical applications to increase the ion signal amplitude generated in Electrospray and detected by a mass spectrometer (MS) Electrolyte species that may be required to enhance an upstream sample preparation or separation process may be less compatible with the downstream ES processes and cause reduction in MS signal New Electrolytes have been found that increase positive and negative polarity analyte ion signal measured in ESMS analysis when compared with analyte ESMS signal achieved using more conventional electrolytes The new electrolyte species increase ES MS signal when added directly to a sample solution or when added to a second solution flow in an Electrospray membrane probe. It has also been found that running the ES membrane probe with specific Electrolytes in the second solution of the ES membrane probe have been found to enhance ESMS signal compared to using the same electrolytes directly in the sample solution being Electrosprayed The new electrolytes can be added to a reagent ion source configured in a combination Atmospheric pressure ion source to improve ionization efficiency.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/980,225, filed on Oct. 16, 2007

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of Atmospheric Pressure Ion (API)sources interfaced to mass spectrometers. Such API sources include butare not limited to Electrospray, Atmospheric Pressure ChemicalIonization (APCI), Combination Ion Sources, Atmospheric Pressure ChargeInjection Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption, DART and DESI. The inventioncomprises the use of new electrolyte species and specific electrolytespecies in the second solution of an ES membrane probe to enhance theanalyte ion signal generated from these API sources interfaced to massspectrometers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Charged droplet production unassisted or pneumatic nebulization assistedElectrospray (ES) requires oxidation of species (positive ion polarityES) or reduction of species (negative ion polarity) at conductivesurfaces in the sample solution flow path When a metal Electrosprayneedle tip is used that is electrically connected to a voltage or groundpotential, such oxidation or reduction reactions (redox) reactions occuron the inside surface of the metal Electrospray needle duringElectrospray ionization. If a dielectric Electrospray tip is used inElectrospray ionization, redox reactions occur on an electricallyconductive metal surface contacting the sample solution along the samplesolution flow path. This conductive surface typically may by a stainlesssteel union connected to a fused silica Electrospray tip. TheElectrospray sample solution flow path forms one half cell of anElectrochemical or voltaic cell The second half of the Electrochemicalcell formed in Electrospray operates in the gas phase. Consequently,operating rules that explain or predict the behavior of liquid to liquidElectrochemical cells may be applied to explain a portion of theprocesses occurring in Electrospray ionization The electrolyte aids inpromoting redox reactions occurring at electrode surfaces immersed inliquid in electrochemical cells. The electrolyte not only plays a rolein the initial redox reactions required to form single polarity chargedliquid droplets but also fundamentally affects the production of samplerelated ions from rapidly evaporating liquid droplets and theirsubsequent transport through the gas phase into vacuum Additional chargeexchange reactions can occur with sample species in the gas phase Themechanism by which the electrolyte affects liquid and gas phaseionization of analyte species is not clear

The type and concentration of electrolyte species affects ES ionizationefficiency. The electrolyte type and concentration and sample solutioncomposition will affect the dielectric constant, conductivity and pH ofthe sample solution. The relative voltage applied between theElectrospray tip and counter electrodes, the effective radius ofcurvature of the Electrospray tip and shape of the emerging fluidsurface determine the effective electric field strength at theElectrospray needle tip The strength of the applied electric field isgenerally set just below the onset of gas phase breakdown or coronadischarge in Electrospray ionization With an effective upper bound onthe electric field that is applied at the Electrospray tip duringElectrospray operation, the Electrospray total ion current is determinedby the solution properties as well as the placement of the conductivesurface along the sample solution flow path The effective conductivityof the sample solution between the nearest electrically conductivesurface in contact with the sample solution and the Electrospray tipplays a significant in determining the Electrospray total ion current.It has been found with studies using Electrospray Membrane probes thatthe ESMS analyte signal can vary significantly with Electrospray totalion current. A description of the Electrospray Membrane probe is givenin U.S. patent application Ser Nos. 11/132,953 and 60/840,095 andincorporated herein by reference

ES signal is enhanced when specific organic acid species such as aceticand formic acids are added to organic and aqueous solvents. Conversely,ES signal is reduced when inorganic acids such as hydrochloric ortrifluoroacetic acid are added to Electrospray sample solutions.Although mechanisms underlying variation in Electrospray ionizationefficiency due to different electrolyte counter ion species have beenproposed, explanations of these root modulators underlying Electrosprayionization processes remain speculative. Conventional electrolytes addedto sample solutions in Electrospray ionization are generally selected tomaximize Electrospray MS analyte ion signal. Alternatively, electrolytespecies and concentrations are selected to serve as a reasonablecompromise to optimize upstream sample preparation or separation systemperformance and downstream Electrospray performance. Trifluoroaceticacid may be added to a sample solution to improve a reverse phasegradient liquid chromatography sample separation but its presence willreduce the Electrospray MS signal significantly compared withElectrospraying with an organic electrolyte such as Formic or Aceticacid added to the sample solution Generally for polar analyte species,the highest Electrospray MS signal will be achieved using a polarorganic solvent such as methanol in water with acetic or formic acidadded as the electrolyte. Typically, a 30:70 to 50:50 methanol to waterratio is run with acetic or formic acid concentrations ranging from 0.1%to over 1% Running non polar solvents, such as acetonitrile, with waterwill reduce the ESMS signal for polar compounds and adding inorganicacid will reduce ESMS signal compared to the signal achieved using apolar organic solvent in water with acetic or formic acid. Severalspecies of acids bases and salts have been used at differentconcentrations and in different solvent compositions as electrolytespecies in Electrospray ionization to maximize ESMS analyte species Forsome less polar analyte samples that do not dissolve in aqueoussolutions, higher ESMS signal is achieved running the sample in pureacetonitrile with an electrolyte For compounds such as carbohydrateswith low or no proton affinity, adding a salt electrolyte may producthigher ESMS signal.

The invention comprises using a new set of electrolyte species inElectrospray ionization to improve the Electrospray ionizationefficiency of analyte species compared with ES ionization efficiencyachieved with conventional electrolyte species used and reported forElectrospray ionization. Electrospraying with the new electrolytespecies increases ESMS analyte signal amplitude by a factor of two toten for certain analyte species compared to the highest ESMS signalachieved using acetic or formic acids for these sample species ESMSsignal enhancements have been achieved whether the new electrolytes areadded directly to the sample solution or added to the second solution ofan Electrospray membrane probe When convention acid or salt electrolytesadded to the sample solution are Electrosprayed in positive polaritymode, the anion from these electrolytes does not readily appear in thepositive ion spectrum. As expected, the anion of these electrolytes doesappear in the negative ion polarity ESMS spectrum. One distinguishingcharacteristic of the new electrolytes comprising the invention is thata characteristic protonated or deprotonated parent related ion from theelectrolyte species appears in both positive and negative polarityspectrum acquired using Electrospray ionization The positive polarityelectrolyte ion appearing in the positive polarity Electrospray massspectrum is the (M+H)⁺ species with the (M−H)⁻ species appearing in thenegative polarity Electrospray mass spectrum.

An alternative embodiment of the invention is the addition of certainelectrolytes into the second solution of an Electrospray membrane probeto enhance the ESMS signal amplitude of certain analyte species added tothe sample solution flow. The alternative embodiment of the inventionincreases the ESMS signal compared to the ESMS signal amplitude achievedwhen the same electrolyte species are added directly to the samplesolution during Electrospray ionization.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the invention comprises conducting Electrosprayionization of an analyte species with MS analysis where at least one ofa new set of electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trimethyl Acetic Acid is added directly tothe sample solution The electrolyte may be included in the samplesolution from its fluid delivery system or added to the sample solutionnear the Electrospray tip through a tee fluid flow connection.

Another embodiment of the invention is running at least one of a set ofnew electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trimethyl Acetic Acid in the secondsolution flow of an Electrospray membrane probe during Electrospray ofthe sample solution. The concentration of the new electrolyte can bevaried or scanned by running step functions or gradients through thesecond solution flow path. The second solution flow is separated fromthe sample solution flow by a semipermeable membrane that allows reducedconcentration transfer of the new electrolyte into the sample solutionflow during Electrospray ionization with MS analysis.

Another embodiment of the invention is running at least one of a set ofnew electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trimethyl Acetic Acid in the secondsolution of an Electrospray membrane probe during Electrospray of thesample solution that contains a second electrolyte species. The additionof the new electrolyte to the second solution flow increases theElectrospray MS signal even if the second electrolyte species, when usedalone, reduces the ESMS analyte signal. The concentration of the newelectrolyte in the second solution flow can be step or ramped tomaximize analyte ESMS signal

Another embodiment of the invention is running ammonium hydroxide(NH₄OH) and/or sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) electrolytes (base electrolytes)in the second solution of an ES membrane probe during negative polarityES ionization to increase the negative polarity ESMS ion signal ofanalyte species running in the sample solution flow. This embodiment ofthe invention provides increased ion signal for certain sample specieswhen compared with the ESMS negative polarity ion signal achieved whenammonium hydroxide and/or sodium Hydroxide electrolytes are addeddirectly to the sample solution during negative ion polarityElectrospray ionization.

Another embodiment of the invention comprises running at least one of aset of new electrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trimethyl Acetic Acid or the baseelectrolytes including but not limited to ammonium hydroxide and/orsodium Hydroxide in the downstream membrane section second solution flowof a multiple membrane section Electrospray membrane probe duringElectrospray ionization with MS analysis. One or more membrane sectionscan be configured upstream in the sample solution flow path from thedownstream Electrospray membrane probe. Electrocapture and release ofsamples species using upstream membrane sections can be run withelectrolyte species that optimize the Electrocapture processesindependently while a new electrolyte species is run through thedownstream membrane section second solution flow to optimizeElectrospray ionization efficiency of the analyte species.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, at least one of the newelectrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trimethyl Acetic Acid are added to thesample solution in a single APCI inlet probe or sprayed from a secondsolution in a dual APCI inlet probe to enhance the ion signal generatedin Atmospheric Pressure Corona Discharge Ionization.

In another embodiment of the invention, at least one of the newelectrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trimethyl Acetic Acid are added to thesolution Electrosprayed from a reagent ion source comprising anElectrospray ion generating source configured in a combination ionsource including Electrospray ionization and/or Atmospheric PressureChemical Ionization.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, at least one of the newelectrolytes including but not limited to Benzoic acid,Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid or Trimethyl Acetic Acid are added to thesolution that is nebulized followed by corona discharge ionizationforming a reagent ion source configured in a combination ion sourceincluding Electrospray ionization and/or Atmospheric Pressure ChemicalIonization

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic of an Electrospray Ion Source interfaced to a massspectrometer.

FIG. 2 is a cross section diagram of an Electrospray Membrane probe

FIG. 3 is a zoomed in view of the sample solution flow channel, thesecond solution flow channel and the semipermeable membrane in anElectrospray Membrane Probe

FIG. 4 shows a single section Electrospray Membrane probe integratedwith pneumatic nebulization sprayer mounted on an Electrospray ionsource probe mounting plate.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a three section Electrospray Membrane probe

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a combination atmospheric pressure ion sourcecomprising a sample solution Electrospray inlet probe and anElectrospray reagent ion source

FIG. 7 shows the ESMS ion signal curves for a 1 μM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1methanol: water solution Electrosprayed at a flow rate of 10 μl/minwhile running electrolyte concentration gradients in the ElectrosprayMembrane probe second solution flow using conventional electrolytespecies and a new electrolyte species.

FIG. 8 shows the ESMS signal curves for a 1 μM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1methanol: water solution Electrosprayed at a flow rate of 10 μl/minwhile running conventional and new electrolyte species concentrationgradients in the Electrospray Membrane probe second solution flow andwith benzoic acid added directly to the sample solution at differentconcentrations

FIG. 9 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing ESMS ion signal of a1 μM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1 methanol: water solution Electrosprayed at aflow rate of 10 μl/min for different concentrations of acetic acid andcyclohexanecarboxylic acid added directly to the sample solution

FIG. 10 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing positive polarityESMS ion signal of a 1 μM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1 methanol:water solutionElectrosprayed at a flow rate of 10 μl/min while running acetic acid andbenzoic acid electrolyte concentration gradients in the ElectrosprayMembrane probe second solution flow with pure solvent sample solutionsand with 0.001% trifluoroacetic acid added to the sample solution.

FIG. 11 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing negative polarityESMS ion signal of a 1 μM Hexatyrosine in a 1:1 methanol water solutionElectrosprayed at a flow rate of 10 μl/min while running acetic acid andbenzoic acid electrolyte concentration gradients in the ElectrosprayMembrane probe second solution flow with pure solvent sample solutions.

FIG. 12 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing positive polarityESMS ion signal of a 1 μM reserpine in 1:1 methanol:water solutionrunning at a flow rate of 10 μl/min for acetic acid, benzoic acid andtrimethyl acetic acids added individually to the sample solution atdifferent concentrations.

FIG. 13 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing positive polarityESMS ion signal of a 1 μM leucine enkephalin in a 1:1 methanol:watersolution running at a flow rate of 10 μl/min for acetic acid, benzoicacid, cyclohexanecaboxylic acid and trimethyl acetic acids addedindividually to the sample solution at different concentrations.

FIG. 14A is a positive polarity Electrospray mass spectrum of benzoicAcid and FIG. 14B is a negative polarity mass spectrum of benzoic acid.

FIG. 15A is a positive polarity Electrospray mass spectrum of trimethylacetic acid and FIG. 15B is a negative polarity mass spectrum oftrimethyl acetic acid.

FIG. 15A is a positive polarity Electrospray mass spectrum ofcyclohexanecarboxylic acid and FIG. 16B is a negative polarity massspectrum of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

FIG. 17 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing negative polarityion signal of reserpine run in a sample solution with ammonium hydroxideadded directly to the sample solution and to the second solution of anElectrospray membrane probe.

FIG. 18 shows a set of ESMS signal curves comparing negative polarityion signal of reserpine run in a sample solution with sodium hydroxideadded directly to the sample solution and to the second solution of anElectrospray membrane probe.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Electrospray total ion current, for a given applied electric field, is afunction of the sample solution conductivity between the Electrospraytip and the first electrically conductive surface in the sample solutionflow path. The primary charge carrier in positive ion Electrospray isgenerally the H+ ion which is produced from redox reactions occurring atelectrode surfaces in contact with the sample solution in conventionalElectrospray or a second solution in Electrospray Membrane probe. Theelectrolyte added to the sample or second solution plays a direct orindirect role in adding or removing H+ ions in solution duringElectrospray ionization The indirect role in producing H+ ions is thecase where the electrolyte aids in the electrolysis of water at theelectrode surface to produce H+ ions. The direct role an electrolyte canplay is to supply the H+ ion directly from dissociation of an acid andloss of an electron at the electrode surface. The type and concentrationof the electrolyte anion or neutral molecule in positive ion polarityand even negative ion polarity significantly affects the Electrosprayionization efficiency of analyte species The mechanism or mechanismsthrough which the electrolyte operates to affect ion production inElectrospray ionization is not well understood. Even the role anelectrolyte plays in the redox reactions that occur during Electrospraycharged droplet formation is not well characterized. Consequently, thetype and concentration of the electrolyte species used in Electrosprayionization is determined largely through trial and error with decisionsbased on empirical evidence for a given Electrospray MS analyticalapplication. To this end, a number of electrolyte species were screenedusing an Electrospray membrane probe to determine if electrolyte speciesdifferent from those used conventionally or historically providedimproved Electrospray performance Conventional electrolytes were alsoscreened to determine if improved analyte ESMS signal could be achievedusing an Electrospray membrane probe and adding the electrolyte to theES membrane probe second solution compared with adding the conventionalelectrolyte directly to the sample solution in Electrospray ionization.A set of such new electrolytes was found which demonstrated improvedanalyte ESMS signal in both positive and negative positive modes The setof new electrolytes comprises but may not be limited benzoic acid,trimethylacetic acid and cyclohexanecaboxylic acid. In addition, a setof more conventional electrolytes was found that, when run in the secondsolution of the Electrospray membrane probe increased the analyte ionsignal compared to the ESMS signal achieved when the same electrolytewas added directly to the sample solution. The set of conventionalelectrolytes that enhanced analyte negative polarity ion ESMS signalwhen run in the second solution of the Electrospray membrane probeinclude but are not limited to ammonium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.

Unlike electrolytes conventionally or historically used in Electrosprayionization, when Electrospraying with a new electrolyte, acharacteristic electrolyte ion peak is generated in both positive andnegative ion polarity mode The (M+H)⁺ ion is generated for benzoic acid,trimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in positivepolarity Electrospray ionization Conversely, the (M−H)⁻ ion, asexpected, is generated when Electrospraying benzoic acid, trimethylacetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid in negative polarity as shownin FIGS. 14, 15 and 16. The mechanism or mechanisms by which the newelectrolyte enhances the Electrospray signal may occur in the liquidphase, gas phase or both. Benzoic acid has a low gas phase protonaffinity so protonated benzoic acid ion may readily donate an H+ to gasphase neutral analyte species or may reduce the neutralization of theElectrospray produced analyte ion by transferring protons to competinghigher proton affinity contamination species in the gas phase

A cross section schematic of Electrospray ion source 1 is shown inFIG. 1. Electrospray sample solution inlet probe 2 comprises samplesolution flow channel or tube 3, Electrospray tip 4 and annulus 5through which pneumatic nebulization gas 7 flows exiting concentrically6 around Electrospray tip 4. Different voltages are applied to endplateand nosepiece electrode 11, capillary entrance electrode 12 andcylindrical lens 13 to generate single polarity charged droplets inElectrospray plume 10 Typically, in positive polarity Electrosprayionization, Electrospray tip 4 would be operated at ground potentialwith −3 KV, −5 KV and =6 KV applied to cylindrical lens 13, nosepieceand endplate electrode 11 and capillary entrance electrode 12respectively. Gas heater 15 heats countercurrent drying gas flow 17Charged droplets comprising charged droplet plume 10 produced byunassisted Electrospray or Electrospray with pneumatic nebulizationassist evaporate as they pass through Electrospray source chamber 18.Heated countercurrent drying gas 14 exiting through the orifice innosepiece electrode 11 aids in the drying of charged liquid dropletscomprising Electrospray plume 10. A portion of the ions generated fromthe rapidly evaporating charged liquid droplets are directed by electricfields to pass into and through orifice 20 of dielectric capillary 21into vacuum. Ions exiting capillary orifice 20 are directed throughskimmer orifice 27 by the expanding neutral gas flow and the relativevoltages applied to capillary exit lens 23 and skimmer electrode 24 Ionsexiting skimmer orifice 27 pass through ion guide 25 and into mass tocharge analyzer 28 where they are mass to charge analyzed and detectedas is known in the art

The analyte ion signal measured in the mass spectrometer is due in largepart to efficiency of Electrospray ionization for a given analytespecies. The Electrospray ionization efficiency includes the processesthat convert neutral molecules to ions in the atmospheric pressure ionsource and the efficiency by which the ions generated at atmosphericpressure are transferred into vacuum The new electrolyte species mayplay a role in both mechanisms that affect Electrospray ionizationefficiency. In one embodiment of the invention, at least one of the newelectrolytes including, benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid andcyclohexanecarboxylic acid is added to sample solution 8 deliveredthrough sample solution flow channel 3 to Electrospray tip 4 where thesample solution is Electrosprayed into Electrospray ion source chamber18.

FIG. 2 shows the cross section diagram of an Electrospray Membrane Probe30 that is used in an alternative embodiment of the invention.Electrospray Membrane probe 30, more fully described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/132,953 and incorporated herein by reference,comprises sample solution flow channel 31A through which sample solutionflow 31 flows exiting at Electrospray tip 4 Common elements with FIG. 1retain the element numbers A second solution 32, in contact withelectrode 33, passes through second solution flow path 32A. Voltage isapplied to electrode 33 from power supply 35. Sample solution 31 andsecond solution 32 are separated by semipermeable membrane 34.Semipermeable membrane 34 may comprise a cation or anion exchangemembrane. A typical cation exchange membrane is Nafion™ that may beconfigured with different thicknesses and/or conductivitycharacteristics in Electrospray Membrane probe assembly 30. Secondsolution 32 flow is delivered into second solution flow channel 32A froman isocratic or gradient fluid delivery system 37 through flow channel36 and exits through channel 38. Sample solution 31 flow is delivered tosample solution flow channel 31A from isocratic or gradient fluiddelivery system 40 through flow channel 41. Dielectric probe bodysections 42 and 43 comprise chemically inert materials that do notchemically react with sample solution 31 and second solution 32. Samplesolution 31 passing through flow channel 31A is Electrosprayed fromElectrospray tip 4 with or without pneumatic nebulization assist formingElectrospray plume 10. Electrospray with pneumatic nebulization assistis achieved by flowing nebulization gas 7 through annulus 5 exiting at 6concentrically around Electrospray tip 4. To effect the Electrospraygeneration of single polarity charged liquid droplets, relative voltagesare applied to second solution electrode 33, nosepiece and endplateelectrode 11 and capillary entrance electrode 12 using power supplies35, 49 and 50 respectively. Heated counter current drying gas 14 aids indrying charged liquid droplets in spray plume 10 as they move towardscapillary orifice 20 driven by the applied electric fields A portion ofthe ions produced from the rapidly evaporating droplets in Electrosprayplume 10 pass through capillary orifice 20 and into mass to chargeanalyzer 28 where they are mass to charge analyzed and detected

FIG. 3 is a diagram of one Electrospray Membrane probe 30 operating modefor positive polarity Electrospray ionization employing an alternativeembodiment of the invention. At least one new electrolyte speciescomprising benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylicacid is added in higher concentration to the solution contained inSyringe 54 of fluid delivery system 37 Syringe 55 is filled with thesame solvent composition as loaded into Syringe 54 but without a newelectrolyte species added A specific isocratic new electrolyteconcentration or a new electrolyte concentration gradient for secondsolution 32 can be delivered to second solution flow channel 32A bysetting the appropriate ratios of pumping speeds on syringes 54 and 55in fluid delivery system 37. During positive ion polarity Electrosprayionization, H+ is produced at the surface of second solution electrode33 and passes through semipermeable membrane 34, most likely as H₃O⁺,into sample solution 31, driven by the electric field A portion of thenew electrolyte species flowing through second solution flow channel 32Aalso passes through semipermeable membrane 34 entering sample solution31 and forming a net concentration of new electrolyte in sample solution31 The new electrolyte concentration in solution 31 during Electrosprayoperation is well below the new electrolyte concentration in secondsolution 32 The Electrospray total ion current and consequently thelocal sample solution pH at Electrospray tip 4, the new electrolyteconcentration in sample solution 31 and the sample ion Electrospray MSsignal response can be controlled by adjusting the new electrolyteconcentration in second solution 32 flowing through second solution flowchannel 32A. The solvent composition of second solution 32 can beconfigured to be different from the solvent composition of the samplesolution to optimize solubility and performance of a new electrolytespecies

FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of Electrospray Membrane probe 57 comprisingsingle membrane section assembly 58 connected to pneumatic nebulizationElectrospray inlet probe assembly 59 mounted on Electrospray ion sourceprobe plate 61. Common elements diagrammed in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 retainthe same element numbers.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of three membrane section Electrospray Membraneprobe assembly 64 comprising Electrocapture dual membrane section 67 andsingle Electrospray Membrane section 68. Each membrane section operatesin a manner similar to the single section Electrospray membrane probedescribed in FIGS. 2 and 3. Electrocapture Dual membrane section 67comprises second solution flow channel 70 with electrode 71 andsemipermeable membrane section 76 and second solution flow channel 72with electrode 73 and semipermeable membrane section 77. Single membranesection 68 comprises second solution flow channel 74 and electrode 75with semipermeable membrane 78. The electrolyte type and concentrationand solution composition can be controlled in second solutions 80, 81and 82 as described previously Common elements described in FIGS. 1through 4 retain their element numbers in FIG. 5. Electrical potentialcurve 84 is a diagram of one example of relative electrical potentialsset along the sample solution flow path for positive polarityElectrospray ionization and positive ion Electrocapture Dual membraneElectrocapture section 67 can be operated to trap and release positiveor negative polarity sample ions in the sample solution as described inpending PCT Patent Application Number PCT/SE2005/001844 incorporatedherein by reference. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, atleast one new electrolyte including benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acidor cyclohexanecarboxylic acid species is added to second solution 82with the concentration controlled to maximize Electrospray sample ionsignal as described above. Second solution 82 composition and flow ratecan be varied and controlled independently from second solutions 80 and81 compositions and flow rates to independently optimize Electrocaptureand on line Electrospray performance.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of atmospheric pressure combination ion source 88comprising Electrospray inlet probe assemblies 90 and 91 with pneumaticnebulization assist. Electrospray inlet probe 90 comprises Electrospraytip 4 and auxiliary gas heater 92 heating gas flow 93 to aid in thedrying of charged liquid droplets comprising Electrospray plume 10.Voltage applied to ring electrodes 94 and 95 allow control of theproduction of net neutral or single polarity charged liquid dropletsfrom Electrospray inlet probes 90 and 91 respectively while minimizingundesired electric fields in spray mixing region 96. Electrospray inletprobe 91 provides a source of reagent ions that when drawn through sprayplume 10 by electric fields 97 effect atmospheric chemical ionization ofa portion of the vaporized neutral sample molecules produced fromevaporating charged droplets in spray plume 10. Combination ion source88 can be operated in Electrospray only mode, APCI only mode or acombination of Electrospray and APCI modes as described in pending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/396,968 incorporated herein by reference.In an alternative embodiment of the invention, at least one newelectrolyte, including benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid orcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, can be added to the sample flow solution ofElectrospray inlet probe 90 and/or to the reagent solution ofElectrospray inlet probe 91 which produces reagent ions to promote gasphase atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in mixing region 96. Newelectrolyte species run in sample solutions can increase the sample ESMSion single as described above. In addition, new electrolytes in thereagent solution Electrosprayed from Electrospray probe 91 form lowproton affinity protonated ions in positive ion polarity Electrospraywhich serve as reagent ions for charge exchange in atmospheric pressurechemical ionization or combination ES and APCI operation. Newelectrolyte species may also be added to sample solution in coronadischarge reagent ion sources or APCI sources to improve APCI sourceperformance.

FIG. 7 shows a set of ESMS ion signal curves for 1 μM Hexatyrosinesample in a 1:1 methanol:water sample solutions Electrosprayed using anElectrospray Membrane probe configuration 30 as diagrammed in FIGS. 1, 2and 3. All sample solutions were run at a flow rate of 10 μl/minConcentration gradients of different electrolyte species were run in thesecond solution flow channel while acquiring Electrospray mass spectrumThe second solution solvent composition was methanol:water for allelectrolytes run with the exception of Naphthoxyacetic acid which wasrun in a methanol second solution. As the concentration of the addedelectrolyte increased in the second solution flow, the Electrospraytotal ion current increased. Each curve shown in FIG. 7 is effectively abase ion chromatogram with the Hexatyrosine peak amplitude plotted overElectrospray total ion current. Signal response curves 100, 101, 102,103 and 104 for Hexatyrosine versus Electrospray total ion current wereacquired when running second solution concentration gradients of aceticacid (up to 10%), 2 napthoxyacetic acid (up to 0.37M), trimellitic acid(up to 0.244 M), 1,2,4,5 Benzene Carboxylic acid (up to 0.233 M) andterephthalic acid (saturated) respectively. Conventional electrolyte,acetic acid, provided the highest hexatyrosine ESMS signal amplitude forthis set of electrolytes as shown in FIG. 6. Hexatyrosine signalresponse curve 108 was acquired while running a concentration gradientin the second solution of new electrolyte cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (upto 0.195 M). The maximum hexatyrosine signal achieved with newelectrolyte run in the second solution of Electrospray Membrane probe 30was two times the maximum amplitude achieved with acetic acid as anelectrolyte. The limited cross section area of the semipermeablemembrane in contact with the sample solution limited the Electrospraytotal ion current range with new electrolyte cyclohexanecarboxylic acidrun in the second solution. As will be shown in later figures, higheranalyte signal can be achieved by adding new electrolyte speciesdirectly to the sample solution. The difference in the shape andamplitude of curve 108 illustrates the clear difference in performanceof the Electrospray ionization process when new electrolytecyclohexanecarboxylic acid is used.

FIG. 8 shows another set of ESMS ion signal curves for 1 μM hexatyrosinesample in a 1:1 methanol:water sample solutions Electrosprayed using anElectrospray Membrane probe configuration 30 as diagrammed in FIGS. 1, 2and 3 Hexatyrosine Electrospray MS signal response curves 110 through112 and 115 were acquired while running electrolyte concentrationgradients in the second solution flow of Electrospray Membrane probe 30.Hexatyrosine Electrospray MS signal response curve 118 was acquired byElectrospraying different sample solutions having different newelectrolyte benzoic acid concentrations added directly to the samplesolution ESMS signal response curve 114 with end data point 113 forhexatyrosine was acquired by Electrospraying different sample solutionscomprising different concentrations of citric acid added directly to thesample solutions. No Electrospray membrane probe was used to generatecurves 114 or 118. Signal response curves 110, 111, 112 and 115 forHexatyrosine versus Electrospray total ion current were acquired whenrunning second solution concentration gradients of conventionalelectrolytes, acetic acid (up to 10% in the second solution), formicacid (up to 5%) and nitric acid (up to 1%) and new electrolyte benzoicacid (up to 0.41M in the second solution) respectively. Comparing thehexatyrosine ESMS signal response with new electrolyte benzoic acidadded to the second solution of membrane probe 30 or directly to thesample solution during Electrospray ionization, similar ion signals areobtained for the same Electrospray ion current generated. Electrosprayperformance with the electrolyte added to the Electrospray Membraneprobe second solution generally correlates well with the Electrosprayperformance with the same electrolyte added directly to the samplesolution during Electrospray ionization for similar Electrospray totalion currents. As shown by curves 115 and 118, increased hexatyrosineESMS signal is achieved when new electrolyte benzoic acid is added tothe second solution of Electrospray Membrane probe 30 or directly to thesample solution during Electrospray ionization. The maximum hexatyrosineESMS signal shown by signal response curve 118 was over five timeshigher than that achieved with any of the conventional electrolytesacetic, formic or nitric acids or non conventional electrolyte citricacid.

Electrospray MS signal response curves 120 and 121 for 1 μM hexatyrosinesample in a 1:1 methanol:water solutions are shown in FIG. 9. Curve 121was generated by Electrospraying different sample solutions containingdifferent concentrations of conventional electrolyte acetic acid. Curve120 was generated by Electrospraying different sample solutionscontaining different concentrations of new electrolytecyclohexanecarboxylic acid. The maximum hexatyrosine ESMS signalachieved with new electrolyte cyclohexanecarboxylic acid was over twotime higher than the maximum hexatyrosine signal achieved withconventional electrolyte acetic acid.

Three ESMS signal response curves using Electrospray membrane probe 30for 1 μM hexatyrosine sample in 1:1 methanol:water solutions are shownin FIG. 10. Curve 122 was generated by running a concentration gradientof acetic acid in the Electrospray Membrane probe second solution flow.Over a factor of two increase in hexatyrosine signal was achieved byrunning a concentration gradient of benzoic acid in the second solutionof the Electrospray Membrane probe as shown by signal response curve 123The addition of inorganic electrolytes to the sample solution generallyreduces the analyte signal response for a given Electrospray total ioncurrent. Hexatyrosine signal response curve 124 was acquired with 0.001%trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) added to the sample solution while running aconcentration gradient of benzoic acid in the Electrospray Membraneprobe second solution. The Electrospray total ion current ofapproximately 100 nA was measured at data point 125 on curve 124. A datapoint 125, the Electrospray signal of hexatyrosine was lower with 0.001%TFA added to the sample solution compared with the ESMS signal responsewith acetic acid added to the ES Membrane probe second solution Very lowconcentration benzoic acid was added to the second solution when datapoint 125 was acquired. Increasing the concentration of benzoic acid inthe second solution increased the hexatyrosine signal overcoming theESMS signal reducing effect of TFA in the sample solution. Even with0.001% TFA added to the sample solution, the addition of new electrolytebenzoic acid to the second solution of an ES Membrane probe increasesthe hexatyrosine ESMS signal to a maximum of over two times the maximumhexatyrosine ESMS signal achieved with acetic acid added to the secondsolution.

FIG. 11 shows negative ion polarity ESMS signal response curves for 1 μMhexatyrosine sample in 1:1 methanol:water solutions run using anElectrospray membrane probe. Curve 127 was acquired while running aconcentration gradient of acetic acid in the second solution. Signalresponse curve 128 was acquired while running a concentration gradientof benzoic acid in the second solution of Electrospray Membrane probe30. The maximum negative ion polarity hexatyrosine ESMS signal acquiredwith new electrolyte benzoic acid was over two times the maximum ESMSsignal achieved with conventional electrolyte acetic acid.

1 μM reserpine sample in 1:1 methanol:water solutions wereElectrosprayed to generate the ESMS signal response curves shown in FIG.12. New electrolytes benzoic acid and trimethyl acetic acid andconventional electrolyte acetic acid were added at differentconcentrations to different sample solutions to compare ESMS signalresponse As shown by reserpine ESMS signal response curves 127, 128 and129, a two times signal increase can be achieve when new electrolytespecies benzoic acid and trimethyl acetic acid are added to the samplesolution compared to the ES MS signal achieved by Electrospraying withconventional electrolyte acetic acid added to the sample solution.

A comparison of ESMS signal response for 1 μM leucine enkephalin samplein 1:1 methanol:water solutions using four electrolytes added to thesample solution is shown in FIG. 13. New electrolytes, benzoic acid,trimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexane carboxylic acid and conventionalelectrolyte acetic acid were added at different concentrations todifferent leucine enkephalin sample solutions to generate ESMS signalresponse curves 130, 131, 132 and 133 respectively. When running the newelectrolytes, a maximum leucine enkephalin signal response increase oftwo times was achieved compared with the maximum signal responseachieved with electrolyte acetic acid. Individually, a factor of threeincrease in leucine enkephalin ESMS maximum signal response was achievedby adding benzoic acid to the sample solution

A characteristic of the new electrolytes is the presence of an (M+H)⁺electrolyte parent ion peak ion in the ESMS spectrum acquired inpositive ion polarity Electrospray as shown in FIGS. 14A, 15A and 16Afor benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid and cyclohexanecarboxylic acidrespectively Such a parent positive ion is not generally observed whenrunning conventional electrolytes in Electrospray ionization. Asexpected, the presence of an (M−H)⁻ electrolyte species peak wasobserved in the ESMS spectrum acquired in negative ion polarity mode asshown in FIGS. 14B, 15B and 16B The presence of gas phase electrolyteparent ions present in positive ion polarity Electrospray may play arole in increasing the ESMS analyte signal.

ESMS negative polarity ion signal amplitude can be increased forspecific analyte species in solution by using the Electrospray membraneprobe by adding ammonium hydroxide and/or sodium hydroxide to the ESmembrane probe second solution during Electrospray ionization. Acomparison of the negative ion polarity ESMS signal response for 100pg/μl Reserpine in a 30:70 acetonitrile:water sample solution withelectrolyte base, ammonium hydroxide, added directly to the samplesolution and added only to the Electrospray membrane probe secondsolution. Curve 141 was generated by Electrospraying a 100 pg/μlReserpine in 30:70 acetonitrilewater sample solution with increasingconcentrations of base electrolyte, ammonium hydroxide, added directlyto the sample solution. Curve 140 was generated by running a gradient ofbase electrolyte, ammonium hydroxide, concentration in a aqueous secondsolution of an Electrospray membrane probe while Electrospraying a 100pg/μl Reserpine in a 30:70 acetonitrile:water sample solution. Theconcentration gradient of ammonium hydroxide in the second solutionstarted at 0% and increased to 10%. As shown in FIG. 17, the addition ofthe electrolyte base, ammonium hydroxide to the Electrospray membraneprobe second solution increased the negative ion polarity ESMS signal ofReserpine over a factor of 3:8 compared with the maximum ESMS signalachieved from Reserpine with ammonium hydroxide added directly to thesample solution.

A comparison of the negative ion polarity ESMS signal response for 100pg/μl Reserpine in a 50:50 acetonitrile:water sample solution withelectrolyte base, sodium hydroxide, added directly to the samplesolution and added only to the Electrospray membrane probe secondsolution. Curve 143 was generated by Electrospraying a 100 pg/μlReserpine in 50:50 acetonitrile:water sample solution with increasingconcentrations of base electrolyte, sodium hydroxide, added directly tothe sample solution. Curve 142 was generated by running a gradient ofbase electrolyte, sodium hydroxide, concentration in a aqueous secondsolution of an Electrospray membrane probe while Electrospraying a 100pg/μl Reserpine in a 50:50 acetonitrile:water sample solution. Theconcentration gradient of sodium hydroxide in the second solutionstarted at 0.005% and increased to 1.0%. As shown in FIG. 18, theaddition of the electrolyte base, sodium hydroxide to the Electrospraymembrane probe second solution increased the negative ion polarity ESMSsignal of Reserpine over a factor of fourteen compared with the maximumESMS signal achieved from Reserpine with ammonium hydroxide addeddirectly to the sample solution

The use of new electrolytes benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid andcyclohexanecarboxylic acid increases ESMS signal amplitude for samplesrun in positive or negative ion polarity Electrospray ionization. Anincrease in Electrospray MS analyte signal can be achieved by adding anew electrolyte directly to the sample solution or by running a newelectrolyte in the second solution of an Electrospray Membrane probeduring Electrospray ionization. Running electrolyte bases, ammoniumhydroxide and sodium hydroxide in the second solution of an Electrospraymembrane probe during negative ion polarity Electrospray ionizationincreases the Electrospray mass spectrometer signal amplitude of analytespecies. Having described this invention with respect to specificembodiments, it is to be understood that the description is not meant asa limitation since further modifications and variations may be apparentor may suggest themselves. It is intended that the present applicationcover all such modifications and variations.

1. A method for increasing MS analyte ion signal amplitude comprisingthe steps of including a compound of at least one of benzoic acid,trimethyl acetic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, ammonium hydroxideand sodium hydroxide in a solution during ionization in an ion sourceoperating essentially at atmospheric pressure
 2. A method for increasingMS analyte ion signal amplitude as in claim 1, wherein said ion sourceis an Electrospray ion source, and wherein said solution is a samplesolution and includes at least one of benzoic acid, trimethyl aceticacid or cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
 3. A method for increasing MS analyteion signal amplitude as set forth in claim 1, wherein said ion source isan APCI ion source, and wherein said solution is a sample solution andincludes at least one of benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid orcyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
 4. A method for increasing MS analyte ionsignal amplitude as set forth in claim 1, wherein said ion source is anElectrospray ion source, and wherein said compound is used in a secondsolution with an Electrospray Membrane probe during Electrosprayionization.
 5. A method for increasing MS analyte ion signal amplitudeas in claim 1, wherein said ion source is a combination Electrospray ionsource and ApCI source, and wherein said solution is a reagent solution.6. A method for increasing MS analyte ion signal amplitude as set forthin claim 1, further comprising the step including at least one ofammonium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in a second solution of anElectrospray Membrane probe during Electrospray ionization
 7. A methodfor increasing MS analyte ion signal amplitude as set forth in claim 1,further comprising the step of including electrolyte sodium hydroxide inthe second solution of an Electrospray Membrane probe duringElectrospray ionization.
 8. A system for increasing MS analyte ionsignal generated in an ionization source, comprising forming a solutionincluding at least one of electrolyte species benzoic acid, trimethylacetic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, ammonium hydroxide and sodiumhydroxide and means for carrying said solution into said ionizationsource
 9. A system for increasing MS analyte ion signal generated in anionization source as in claim 8, wherein said solution is a samplesolution and includes at least one of benzoic acid, trimethyl aceticacid or cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
 10. A system for increasing MSanalyte ion signal generated in an ionization source as in claim 8wherein said ionization source is an APCI source and includes at leastone of benzoic acid, trimethyl acetic acid or cyclohexanecarboxylic acid11. A system for increasing MS analyte ion signal generated in anionization source as in claim 9 wherein said ionization source is anElectrospray source and includes at least one of benzoic acid, trimethylacetic acid or cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
 12. A system for increasingMS analyte ion signal generated in an ionization source as in claim 8,comprising means to include said solution in a second solution with anElectrospray Membrane during Electrospray ionization
 13. A system forincreasing MS analyte ion signal generated in an ionization source as inclaim 8, further comprising means to include ammonium hydroxide in asecond solution of an Electrospray Membrane probe during Electrosprayionization
 14. A system for increasing MS analyte ion signal generatedin an ionization source as in claim 8, further comprising means toinclude at least one of ammonium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in asecond solution of an Electrospray Membrane probe during Electrosprayionization.
 15. A system for increasing MS analyte ion signal generatedin an ionization source as in claim 8, further comprising means toinclude sodium hydroxide in a second solution of an ElectrosprayMembrane probe during Electrospray ionization
 16. A system forincreasing MS analyte ion signal generated in an ionization source as inclaim 10, further comprising means to include said acid in a reagent ionsource solution.